AMD

Compute scales about 3x every two years; memory bandwidth scales under 2x. NVIDIA, AMD, Google, Intel, and OpenAI each answered that gap differently.

AMD's inference optimizations work well one at a time. The gap opens when they run together, and closing it needs test hardware more than it needs missing APIs.

Venice adds cores, memory bandwidth and I/O for the work around inference, while AMD's rack-scale claims still await independent validation.

Britain is funding homegrown silicon for machines that, for now, run on an American vendor's chips. Whether that buys sovereignty or quietly rebrands dependence is the question the spending leaves open.